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Category: edci337-app

Group Evaluation of a Multimedia app

Group Evaluation of Reading Eggs

Introduction: What is Reading Eggs?

Reading eggs is an educational online tool designed to develop childrenā€™s reading skills in a fun and engaging way. This gamified reading app focuses on phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and reading comprehension for children ages 2-13.Ā 

A brief walk-through of the app/how it motivates appropriately aged children:

Step 1:

Beginning with a placement test allows students to enter at a level that is best suited for them. This is a key feature as it avoids initial boredom/discouragement. When students begin at a level that they can be successful in, it provides them with a sense of confidence that ā€œis tied intimately to successā€ (Gurthrie, 2011, p.178,), whereas, ā€œstudents who struggle begin to doubt their abilitiesā€ (p.179) and therefore ā€œreport declines in self-efficacy for readingā€ (p.193).

Step 2:

Reading eggs is a self-paced learning app which allows students to pause, re-do, or proceed as they please (interactivity effect). This sense of self-direction has been proven to increase a childā€™s motivation to read (Gurthrie, 2011, p.180). Furthermore, each activity is designed as a game and the information that is being taught is reiterated multiple times throughout each game to increase retention (redundancy principle).Ā 

  • In this example, players are asked to tap all the rocket ships that have the word ā€œgoā€ on them as they fly through the air. This design is engaging for young learners (as it simply feels like a game).

Step 3:

Not only does this app have games/activities to increase reading skills, but it also offers other engaging materials such as a reading library. Students choose books that interest them (which increases intrinsic motivation). Although rewards are initially useful when introducing reading to children, ā€œextrinsic rewards do not motivate reading achievement in the long termā€ (Gurthrie, 2011, p.178), and therefore, providing children with choice and topics that are relevant to their lives/interests increases intrinsic motivation, which in turn increases retention (p.183-188).

Ā Step 4:

Parents can track their childā€™s progress regularly on the app and through periodic email updates. Additionally, Reading eggs has a ā€˜teacher dashboardā€™ to keep track of each studentā€™s progress (which fosters the integration of reading eggs in a classroom and/or at home reading program).

Step 5:

Reading eggs rewards students for their progress. While extrinsic motivation may not be the solution long term, rewards get children excited about an activity and serve as a great ā€œjump startā€ to get students interested in reading (Gurthrie, 2011, p.178).Ā 

Case Study:

While reading eggs is designed to feel entirely like a game, research shows that the app significantly improves overall reading skills. In 2017, Latisha Lowery conducted a study to see how effective regular use of Reading Eggs was on studentā€™s reading proficiency levels. The study was done in a rural community where 32% of the students lacked phonetic awareness and/or comprehension skills (Lowery, 2017). The school decided to introduce reading eggs as part of their intervention program (in combination with teacher support). The students who participated in this study were in grade two, chosen at random, and were split into two test groups. Class A would each spend 30 minutes on reading eggs a day, complete with weekly reports tracking their progress, and had teacher instruction along the way. The second group, class B, did not use reading eggs and solely relied on teacher instruction. The results showed that Class A demonstrated growth and the amount of students reading below grade level decreased by 19%, and the amount of students reading above grade level increased by 6% (Lowery, 2017). It should be noted, however, that while the use of this app was clearly effective, Reading Eggs should not supplement teacher instruction entirely. Namely, it should be used as a tool in the classroom to help improve both phonetic and comprehension skills. The school continues to use reading eggs as part of their intervention program.Ā 

 

A Teacher Review of Reading Eggs – Barbara Petersenā€™s First Impressions

  • After walking through the app with Barbara Petersen (a Vancouver Island Kindergarten-Grade 3 teacher), this what she had to say:
    • Well organized and easy to use
    • Can be a bit cartoonish (good for younger learners)
    • Repetitive, but in a positive way, that would hold the childā€™s interest
    • Likes the practicing typing aspect
    • Impressed with the use of music
    • Impressed with the pronunciations of phonetic sounds
  • After walking through the app, Barbara says she would feel comfortable recommending this app to Kindergarten and Grade One students. She also believes it is a fun and engaging way for students to practice reading at home. She also states it would be a good addition to the at-home aspect of a reading program.Ā 

 

A Parent Review of Reading Eggs:

Which Multimedia Principles does Reading Eggs Contain?

When evaluating Reading Eggs based on the Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, it is evident that it is a useful educational tool to incorporate in the classroom as it follows many of the multimedia principles discussed in the handbook.Ā 

Feedback Principle:Ā 

Reading Eggs provides users with immediate ā€œcorrectā€ or ā€œincorrectā€ feedback. The app also does a good job of summarizing the information and learning that the learner has completed at the end of the lesson which guides the user to understand the overall important aspects of the lesson. This being an example of explanatory feedback whereas the program ā€œprovides the learner with a principle-based explanation of why his or her answer was correct or incorrectā€ (Mayer, 2014, p.450).

Redundancy Principle:

The app provides a variety of learning games and activities for each lesson which allows students to obtain identical information in diverse ways (Mayer, 2014, p. 248).Ā 

Multimedia Principle:

Throughout the app, there is the use of images, words, text, music, and auditory instructions that are used to teach concepts to and engage the learner (Mayer, 2014, p.175).

Coherence Principle:

A limitation of this app is its neglect of the coherence principle. The coherence principle states that ā€œpeople learn more deeply from a multimedia message when extraneous material is excluded rather than includedā€ (Mayer, 2014, p. 279). However, as the issue with disobeying this principle is that added information has the potential to hinder one’s learning rather than nurturing it (Andrade, 2013). Reading Eggs does, however, have the element of ā€œfunā€ and ā€œfantasyā€ which in theory and practice, is shown to have positive effects on learning by making the material and educational activities more intrinsically moving for students (Parker, 1992).

How Reading Eggs Supports Multimedia Learning at Home

When it comes to literacy, school is not the only place students can learn important skills.Ā  Especially in their early year’s students need access to tools and activities that can help them become better readers and writers in the future.Ā  It is important that caregivers encourage activities that help students learn literacy skills at home as studies have found that ā€œhome literacy activities such as writing, storybook reading, and identifying environmental print positively influences emergent literacy.ā€ (Neumann, 2016) In todayā€™s evolving world, technology is more prevalent than ever, meaning many of the literacy activities students will take part in are run through apps.Ā  This is where Reading Eggs comes in, through engaging activities students to build their literacy skills at home, something we now know is particularly important.Ā  And using technology to build literacy skills will only aid and not hinder studentsā€™ literacy when not using technology as ā€œchildren were observed to transfer their developing knowledge of letter and sound relationships and word spacing between these tools. This illustrates that young children are capable of using digital and non-digital tools for literacy learning.ā€ (Neumann, 2016)

 

References:Ā 

Andrade, G. (2013). Coherence Principle Analysis. GregAndradeEdTechLearningLog.Ā 

https://gregandradedesign.wordpress.com/edtech-513-projects/coherence-principle-analysis/

Guthrie, John T. (2011).Best Practices in Motivating Students to Read. Best Practices in Literacy Instruction.(4th ed.), p.177 – 194.

Lowery, Latisha D. (2017) Effects of Reading Eggs on Reading Proficiency Levels. University of South Carolina Scholar Commons. Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5160&context=etd

Mayer, R. (Ed.). (2014). The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139547369

Neumann, M. M. (2016). Young children’s Use of Touch Screen Tablets for Writing and Reading at Home: Relationships with Emergent Literacy. Computers & Education. 97, 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.02.013

Parker, L. (1992). Effects of fantasy contexts on children’s learning and motivation: Making learning more fun. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. US: American Psychological Association, 62(40), 625-653.

 

App Summaries and Group Decision

In a Facebook messenger group call, each of our pod members pitched our chosen interactive multimedia apps to the group with the hope in mind one of our apps would stand out to the rest of us. Sam introduced us to the video game-style app called ā€œProdigyā€. From the get-go, we were all very interested in hearing more about the wizarding world of math games because most of us had never seen or heard of this app before. What stood out for us the most was how the app seemed to be entirely a video game with the learning portion hidden within.Ā 

The next app to be introduced was ā€œKhan Academy Kidsā€ proposed by Kirby. All of us had heard about the parent software of the app ā€œKhan Academyā€ but some were surprised to hear about the kidā€™s version of the widely known educational tool. Kirby explained the fun elements of the app and how it was constructed to provide a personalized learning experience for preschool children. What stood out the most to the group was that the app could be specifically configured by the parent or teacher to suit the learner and their level.Ā 

Alison next, introduced her chosen multimedia app ā€œDuolingoā€. We had all heard about Duolingo but were very surprised to hear that there were many statistics and scientific studies shown on the effectiveness of the app, and how the app is proven to increase the learnerā€™s language ability. One study Alison showed us stated that ā€œIt would take an average 26-49 hours of study on Duolingo to cover the material for the first college semester of Spanishā€. We were all pretty amazed and shocked by this information especially by the fact we had all spent hundreds of dollars on a language course in the past.Ā 

The last app pitch came from Lauryn introducing us to ā€œReading Eggsā€. As none of our pod members had heard about Reading Eggs before Lauryn we were automatically intrigued. Lauryn explained to us that she had come across Reading Eggs when she asked her elementary teacher mom about some of the educational tools and apps she and her colleagues were using as school was out of session. Reading Eggs is a reading program that specializes in phonics, meaning, fluency, and comprehension skills. The app is versatile in the way that it is available on virtually every platform, has the ability of a personalized learning journey through a placement test, and overall has very well-rounded multimedia and interactive learning experience for the learner.

After more talk about the four choices of apps, we based our decision off of seeking away from the known. Khan Academy (kids or not) we all had much experience with as well with the language app Duolingo where we had all met the green owl. So that leads us two choices, Prodigy, the magical math game, or Reading Eggs the colourful reading journey. We ended up deciding to go forward with Reading Eggs (hopefully the foreshadowed feature image gave you an idea). The main reasoning behind this choice is that we felt the world of apps and programs is predominantly dominated by mathematics apps and games and that reading ones are hard to come by, especially ones that have research backing them up in their effectiveness. Based on this we were all on board to discover more about Reading Eggs and the effectiveness, history, and research behind the app.Ā 

 

Khan Academy Kids Evaluation

Introduction to Khan Academy Kids

The interactive multimedia learning mobile/web application that I chose to evaluate is ā€œKhan Academy Kidsā€. This app is a spin-off of the traditional ā€œKhan Academyā€ website/app that is known worldly. Unlike Khan Academy which consists of a personalized learning experience accompanied by short web videos that are in the form of lessons meant for students in grade kindergarten up to high school, Khan Academy Kids is a personalized interactive learning journey made for children in preschool years (3+). The app contains eBooks, songs, learning videos, step-by-step activities, and lessons regarding math, science, writing, reading, and even emotional learning.

 

Evaluate the application with respect to relative multimedia learning principles:

Khan Academy kids follows many of the principles of multimedia learning. The multimedia principleĀ a user can see occurring instantly by having character-like narrators who assist the learner throughout the entirety of their learning experience. This narration is met with colourful and constantly changing visuals to assist the learner. The app can be seen following theĀ modality principleĀ as the learning process is completely auditory with very little written text (apart from the literacy and writing practice). TheĀ split-attention principleĀ can be seen being met, through the narration being strictly concentrated on the on-screen visuals in a synchronous technique. This app did a very impressive job of using highlighting, signalling, and markings to show cues that emphasize key learning moments and what the learner is supposed to complete, this is a sign of theĀ signalling principleĀ being followed. The narration of the learning stories and activities are in a conversational format, where the characters are talking to the learner, explaining the activity, giving clues, and giving feedback whether congratulatory or not. The narration covers theĀ personalization principleĀ however, at some points does not account for theĀ embodiment principleĀ or theĀ voice principle.Ā Ā The app at times fails to show the narrator in the corner speaking to us as we attempt the task, which defeats the idea that ā€œpeople do not necessarily learn better when the speakerā€™s image is on the screenā€. The app also has the generated ā€œfakeā€ voices of all the characters as child-like accents, this could perhaps be because the app is geared towards younger children, however, according to the principle, people learn better with a spoken standard human voice versus a machine voice. TheĀ worked example principleĀ is met fully because of the basis of the app is ā€œI show you, you show meā€ where the visuals give a broader example or short explanation of the lesson before asking the learner to perform a task. Finally, the app according to the principles does not follow theĀ animation principleĀ which states that ā€œpeople do not necessarily learn better from animation than from static diagramsā€ however, the app can be defended in the sense that it is created for a younger population of learners who are more drawn towards animals, colours and busy screens.

Example of theĀ modality principleĀ  in the use of animated toys, narration, and numerals

 

An example of theĀ signalling principleĀ being used to show the learner (me) that this is the correct answer

 

An example of theĀ worked example principleĀ where you can see the scaffolding taking place of learning my vowels where I am eventually asked to pick the vowels out myself from the alphabet

 

Personal experiences and impressions while using the application from an instructorsā€™ perspective:

To be completely honest I loved (and am continuingly) to enjoy ā€œlearningā€ through Khan Academy Kids. Right from the beginning when I was able to draw my name with colourful rainbow pens, pick my avatar (an assortment of very cute animals) and meet my ā€œteachersā€ I had grown a personal connection to the app. Unfortunately, I didnā€™t think twice about picking the ā€œparentā€ option when undoubtedly it would have been to my advantage to pick the ā€œteacherā€ option, but I believe I can still see the app from the viewpoint of a teacher (actually apparently I can switch my account to teachers so I guess itā€™s a win-win) As the instructor/parent on the app you can view your childā€™s or the students learning through the ā€œlibrary resourceā€. In this resource, you can also pick and choose the lessons you wish the child to learn. As the learner, I am enjoying the process thoroughly as I embark on my learning journey. With each level I am met with a new task whether it be matching, storytelling, drawing, completing the sentence, or simply just choosing the correct answer, where each task comes with its backstory and narration character. I can ask questions, repeat instructions/explanations and work at my own pace to succeed at the level to receive points towards my choice of surprise item (so far a newspaper hat, spacesuit, and a wooden bridge).

 

Evaluate the application using one or more multimedia and interactive learning tool evaluation rubrics:

In a more technical evaluation of the app I chose to fill in the ā€œRubric for eLearning Tool Evaluationā€ which can be seen below; however, I feel the need to also do a summary of the choices I made for the rubric. In theĀ functionalityĀ sector of the evaluation, this app scored well in the ā€œease of useā€ criteria. The app is very user friendly in the means that it has very little ā€œhidden tabsā€ and is set-up in a simple program. The app also adds many personalized elements to the learning aspects making the program much more enjoyable for the learner. As far asĀ accessibilityĀ the app does show limited capacity for meeting the W3C WCAG 2.0 standards. To give a few examples, the learning videos do not have captions for the narrations, there doesnā€™t seem to be a resize text option for when there are captions involved, and the app is not keyboard accessible. In theĀ technicalĀ category, Khan Kids Academy succeeds in the fact that this app requires no additional software or browser extension to download and is simply found in the app store. However, on the subject of the app store, the app fails in theĀ mobile deviceĀ category by the fact that it is only compatible for iPhone and iPad (at the moment), on a better note, the app does have an offline format that consists of a ā€œcreation stationā€ and storytelling books. In theĀ teaching presenceĀ category, the app has a handy parent/teacher resource which allows the two parties to monitor and see the learning progress made for the student. In this resource or ā€œtool kitā€ the parent/teacher can also customize the childā€™s learning by picking their lessons. This tracking of learning also makes this app succeed in theĀ cognitive presenceĀ category as the program allows the learns to track their performance, redo lessons, and receive immediate and continuous feedback on their task completion.

 

Rubric-for-eLearning-Tool-Evaluation

 

The library section of the app (example reading)

 

My learning progress/tracker so far in the app

 

 

References

Mayer, R. (2014). Introduction to Multimedia Learning. In R. Mayer (Ed.),Ā The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning (Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology, pp. 1-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/CBO9781139547369.002

Khan Academy Kids. (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://learn.khanacademy.org/khan-academy-kids/

How to Meet WCAG (Quick Reference). (n.d.). Retrieved June 17, 2020, from https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/?versions=2.0